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In particular since we were familiar with at least the general idea and aims of LSP, even if not by that name we took pains to ensure that our theory did indeed support that notion in what seemed to us to be a logically sound, correct, and useful fashion In this connection, the Liskov/Wing paper contains another interesting remark: Our work is most similar to that of America (P America: Designing an Object-Oriented Programming Language with Behavioural Subtyping, in J W de Bakker, W P de Roever, and G Rozenberg, eds, Foundations of Object-Oriented Languages, Springer-Verlag, 1991) .. who has proposed rules for determining based on type specifications whether one type is a subtype of another.

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protected function creationCompleteHandler(event:FlexEvent):void { flexUnitCore = new FlexUnitCore();

Figure 6-9. The Rotate mode of the 3D Transform Manipulator tool can flip your object in any direction. Last of the three 3D Transform Manipulator modes is Scale, which has the small blue square icon. Click this icon, and you see that the tool in Scale mode looks similar to Translate, except that instead of arrowheads, you have a circular blob on the end of each colored line (see Figure 6-10). It works similarly to Translate; but instead of the whole object moving on the plane, only one face of the object moves. This way, Scale mode turns your default cube into brick-like shapes with rectangular sides.

In other words, the idea seems to be: Given two type specifications, what conditions must those specifications satisfy for one of the two types to be regarded as a subtype of the other In our own work, by contrast, we took the diametrically opposite approach: We assumed that type S was a subtype of type T, then we spelled out in detail what the properties of type S must logically be, and went on to explore the logical implications of those properties (especially the substitutability implications) Note: I ll come back to this difference in approach later, when I discuss the bags and stacks example..

You have the option to set listener to the UI. What is happening is the FlexUnitCore class has an async listener watcher which waits until all listeners are completed before it begins the runner execution.

In this section, I want to sketch and comment on certain features of the inheritance model that the Liskov/Wing paper appears to espouse. Throughout what follows, I ll assume that type S is supposed to be a subtype of type T. I ll also appeal from time to time to a trivial running example in which T is INT (integers) and S is EVEN (even integers) though I m not at all sure that Liskov and Wing would agree with this example (that is, I m not sure they would allow the type even integers to be regarded as a subtype of the type integers in general !). This is clearly another point I m going to have to elaborate on later, and I will.

//Listener for the UI, optional flexUnitCore.addListener( new UIListener( testRunner ));

Figure 6-10. The 3D Transform Manipulator s Scale mode distorts the selected object along each of the three axes.

15. After a period of initial study, that is. Of course, we did recognize that our decision to work from first principles meant we might be duplicating work already done by somebody else, but there seemed to be so much confusion in the field not least the confusion over whether a circle was an ellipse! that we decided we would be better off going it alone, as it were. And so we did, and I think we were.

The next line calls the run method to start executing the tests. The run method accepts ...args as parameters, so you will be able to list all the suites you want the runner to run.

First of all, then, S and T are allowed to have different value spaces ; for example, values of type INT might be decimal, while values of type EVEN might be hexadecimal In such a case, however, an abstraction function must be provided to relate [sic] values of type S to values of type T Comment: This first point looks like a model vs implementation confusion to me I would have said, rather, that (for example) every even integer simply is an integer; if for some reason we want to represent even integers in particular differently from integers in general, well, that s an implementation matter, and it has nothing to do with the model But object systems usually seem not to distinguish model and implementation properly.

//This run statements executes the unit tests for the FlexUnit4 framework flexUnitCore.run( FlexUnit4Suite ); }